The Democratic Republic of Congo is believed to be the most resource-rich country in the world, yet it has struggled to develop because of two decades of war. Russia, which recently began renewing its ties with Africa, is ready to help Congo achieve political stability and economic prosperity. Congo is taking a step this summer that may help — increasing the number of its provinces from 11 to 26. That decentralization is designed to give more political and economic clout to regions that feel underrepresented, particularly the eastern part of the country, where a civil war is raging.
Russia can help Congo achieve stability and prosperity. It has a history of engaging with the country during its early days of independence in the 1960s. It also has expertise in extracting the minerals that could make Congo prosperous. And it has a willingness to help Africa’s second-largest country end its civil war.
“We wish to develop relations (with Congo) in every direction,” Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov has asserted.
The Democratic Republic of Congo’s resources are worth $24 trillion, experts estimate. The biggest minerals trove on earth includes 70 percent of the world’s coltan, more than 30 percent of its cobalt and diamonds, and 10 percent of its copper. Coltan is a mineral containing the elements niobium and tantalum, which are widely used in electronics.
A lot of Congo’s mineral resources have yet to be tapped, however. A key reason is the civil war, which has scared off would-be investors not just in the east but the entire country.
The conflict that has devastated the country has a complicated history. The fighting that occurred during the 1990s was actually a combination of regional and civil war, pitting Congo’s armed forces against neighboring countries’ armies and guerrillas. Today’s conflict is purely a civil war. The guerrillas are fighting because they believe that Congo’s population, particularly those living in the east, have failed to benefit from the country’s natural-resources wealth. Their argument is hard to refute. International surveys of gross domestic product per capita always list Congo as among the poorest nations on earth.
As Russia gears up its investment in Africa, it would like to help Congo change that. Russia’s stature as a global leader in oil, gas and mineral extraction could be a major help to the country of 75 million. In addition to petroleum- and mining-development help, the Democratic Republic of Congo needs transportation and energy assistance. The country has only 2,250 kilometers of paved roads, half of which are in bad shape. It also has a shortage of rail lines. Russia’s experience building roads, rail lines, ports and other transportation links would make it a natural partner in Congo’s quest to create goods- and people-moving infrastructure.
Russia could also help Congo build the facilities it needs to become energy-independent. The country is crisscrossed with rivers that could be used for hydroelectricity. In fact, experts say Congo has so much hydro potential that with enough dams it could be a major exporter of electricity to neighboring countries. Russia is also one of the world’s leading nuclear-plant builders and operators. That expertise would come in handy if Congo wanted to broaden its energy mix.
A sweetener is that Russian companies’ terms for building and running nuclear facilities are among the most generous in the industry.
Congo was a colonial territory known as the Belgian Congo until becoming independent in 1960. The Soviet Union reached out to the new country right away, establishing business, educational and cultural ties with it. In fact, in 1960 the U.S.S.R. established the Peoples’ Freedom University of Russia in Moscow specifically to educate young people from Congo and other developing nations in Africa, Asia and South America. The fast-developing relations between the Soviet Union and Congo were cut short when Congo’s first president, Patrice Lumumba, was assassinated in 1961. Cold War politics stalled relations between the countries until after the break-up of the Soviet Union in the 1990s.
Russian leaders believe they can work with the current president, Joseph Kabila, a pragmatist whose priorities include getting the country on a faster development track. Kabila has signaled he’s open to working with any country of goodwill that’s ready to help.
But peace is crucial to Congo achieving its development potential. Lavrov has declared that Moscow is willing to do whatever it can to help bring peace to the country and the rest of Africa. He hasn’t discussed the specifics of a Congo peace strategy, but Russia’s commitment is clear. The end of the civil war would put Congo on a development path that would transform it from one of the world’s poorest countries to a prosperous one. Russia would benefit from the broader economic ties it forged with Congo as the country accelerated its development. It would truly be a win-win partnership.
In the Russian public consciousness, however, the South Caucasus and its problems are viewed less through the lens of ideology and more as a pragmatic reality. Nevertheless, the Russian side needs guarantees that an attack similar to the Georgian aggression of 2008 will never be repeated.
For its part, Russia wants to increase its regional presence and overall weight in the Arab world, and having Egypt share the Russian narrative of regional dynamics is a way forward. There is another strategic calculation for Moscow: While it balances relatively productive relations with Iran, the Palestinians and Israel, the only real Russian ally in the region is Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, whose own position may not be so secure in the long run.
The United States is backpedaling – reducing the range of tasks, gathering the resources of its allies, separating the timeframes for reaching its goals. An authentic review of the priorities of American policy will occur if and when the resources of adaptation strategy are exhausted.
U.S. and NATO will retain their influence on Kabul, due to the large amounts of financial aid on which the national budget depends, but the real question is: How hard will the new president work on finding an alternative to this source of financing? In Afghan society, there is a very strong anti-American sentiment, and therefore, there is a demand for closer ties with other countries, and even support for their confrontations with the United States.
The Foreign Policy Analysis Group is a strategic intelligence and research organization based in Moscow, Russia. We analize and advise on foreign policy and international affairs since 2014 with an aim to produce the most accurate analysis of current affairs in international relations from non-Western perspective.
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