The final month of the year was not an easy one for Russian diplomacy. In December, rising tensions, combined with Russia’s willingness to respond firmly to the growing challenges of international politics, dominated the geopolitical agenda. Against this backdrop, Moscow keeps signaling its readiness to enter the negotiation process on a wide entire range of international issues, from Ukraine to Syria.
10. The question of a Russian military air base in Belarus remains open
The visit of Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, originally scheduled for late November, took place on Dec. 14-15. Lukashenko needs at least $2 billion to support the Belarusian economy, but he could not get this amount from the Kremlin, although there were some signs of hope that he could get assistance.
According to the Russian ambassador in Minsk, “There is an understanding that both sides, during difficult times, are ready to lend each other a hand, including in the form of financial assistance.” For his part, Putin has not yet received consent from the Belarusian leader to place a Russian Aerospace Forces base in the Belarusian city of Bobruisk. This issue was discussed back in 2013, and not so long ago, seemed to be a done deal.
9. Trade benefits for Ukraine ended
A free trade zone will start operating between Ukraine and the EU on Jan. 1, and Ukraine’s participation in the CIS Free Trade Zone, established just three years ago, will end. In history, it has never been possible for any country to be a member of two free trade zones at once, and so it will be this time around. In addition, Russia has announced a reciprocal embargo against Ukraine on the import of food products, similar to the one that Moscow has implemented against the EU.
According to Ukrainian data, that country will lose about $600 million annually from being excluded from the Russian market. This figure is certainly underestimated. Trade between Russia and Ukraine has already decreased by 70 percent, compared to the year 2011, and in the future, volumes will continue to fall due to the ongoing recession in the Ukrainian economy. As a result of Kiev’s disastrous economic policies, Ukrainian officials are trying to justify the need to obtain new loans from the EU, the U.S. and the IMF.
8. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Moscow.
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi – accompanied by a large delegation of Indian politicians, experts, and business representatives – arrived in Moscow on Dec. 23. At a meeting with Vladimir Putin, Modi discussed cooperation in the military-technical and nuclear power spheres, as well as the expansion of Russian oil supplies to India.
India is preparing to carry out a large-scale rearmament program, on which it is planning to spend about $150 billion. Delhi is demonstrating the greatest interest in Russian military shipbuilding, Russian S-400 Triumph air defense systems, and cooperation in the production of fifth-generation fighter jets – the PAK FA (T-50).
Contrary to expectations, by itself, this first state visit of Indian Prime Minister to Russia has not led to major arms contracts being signed. Nevertheless, there is reason to believe that large-scale contracts in the area of military-technical cooperation between India and Russia, totaling approximately $7 billion, will be signed sometime next year.
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But while the debate on what candidate’s policies and worldview may be more preferable for Russia continues, the overwhelming majority of the Russian political elite and expert community agree upon two things. First, the relationship in the White House is not one hundred percent defined by the person in the Oval Office. Second, since the current crisis between the two states has more profound roots and a long record of mutual grievances the relationship is unlikely to improve--while there’s plenty of potential for its deterioration.
The EU has not yet realized the amount of yearly grants that Ukraine’s stabilization will require if the latter turns its back on the Russian support – and the Union is not ready to provide them. There is every reason to have doubts about Kiev’s actions over the long term. The internal antagonism in Ukraine between the East and the West of the country is growing further. The US has yet to act as a stabilizing force. Russia is taking measures to ensure its risks and to avoid damage to its assets. An impetus to strike a deal may only occur when the EU feels the damage to its energy security.
One thing has become clear: the ‘Crimean question’ has at least two dimensions – the international and the internal. The ‘return to its home haven’ has not solved any of Crimea’s many problems; on the contrary, Russia’s leadership now faces an urgent need to find an adequate solution to them.
For a major power like Russia, with the pretentions to be a global player, a question about state building in a small republic with limited international recognition is an obscure subject, just one element in the bigger political picture. However, a political crisis that unfolded in Abkhazia this year has given the discussions a new urgency.
The Foreign Policy Analysis Group is a strategic intelligence and research organization based in Moscow, Russia. We analize and advise on foreign policy and international affairs since 2014 with an aim to produce the most accurate analysis of current affairs in international relations from non-Western perspective.
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